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COMICS

Comics is a medium used to express ideas via images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.
Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and within academia. The English term comics derives from the humorous work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made defining the medium difficult.
Contents 1 Origins and traditions 1.1 English-language comics 1.2 Franco-Belgian and European comics 1.3 Japanese comics 2 Forms and formats 3 Comics studies 4 Vocabulary and idioms 4.1 Etymology 5 See also 5.1 See also lists 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Works cited 7.1.1 Books 7.1.2 Academic journals 7.1.3 Web 8 Further reading 9 External links Origins and traditions Main articles: History of comics and List of comics by country Early examples of comics
Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame Rodolphe Töpffer, 1830

The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898
Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France , Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.
Theorists debate whether the Bayeux Tapestry is a precursor to comics. English-language comics Main articles: History of American comics and American comic book
American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons. Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.
Superheroes have been a staple of American comic books " title="Flame ">The Flame by Will Eisner).
Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between "high" and "low" culture began to blur. Comics, however, continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.
The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.
In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art" was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.
From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.
Japanese comics Main article: History of manga Rakuten Kitazawa's created the first modern Japanese comic strip. 1902)
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.
Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.
Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.
Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.
"Comics ... are sometimes four-legged and sometimes two-legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don't ... to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself, defining comics entails cutting a Gordian-knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery ..."
R. C. Harvey, 2001
European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" . French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.
Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics . Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.
Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and placement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.
A caption gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue appears in speech balloons. The tail of the balloon indicates the speaker.
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.
The English term comics derives from the humorous work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.
Academic journals
The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies Image Narrative International Journal of Comic Art Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics
 
Homo sapiens Homo†Homo erectus Homo†Homo floresiensis Homo†Homo habilis Homo†Homo heidelbergensis Homo†Homo naledi Homo†Homo neanderthalensis Homoother taxonomic category or taxonomic category suggested, see below Homo. Homo is the genus Homo that be the taxonomic category Homo sapiens Homo, which incorporate modern humans Homo, as good as individual nonextant taxonomic category sorted as ancestral Homo to or intimately correlated to contemporaneity humans—as for case in point Homo habilis Homo and Homo neanderthalensis Homo. The sort is around 2.8 cardinal mid-sixties old;4 Homo it first stick out as its early taxonomic category Homo habilis, which shell from the sort Australopithecus Homo, which content had antecedently acrobatic stunt from the origin of Pan Homo, the chimpanzees.6 Homo Taxonomically, Homo is the alone sort appointed to the tender Hominina which, with the subtribes Australopithecina Homo and Panina Homo, be the tribe Homo Hominini Homo see evolutionary azedarach below. All taxonomic category of the sort Homo undetermined those taxonomic category of the australopithecines Homo that emerge after the acrobatic stunt from Pan are questionable hominins Homo. Homo erectus Homo stick out around two cardinal mid-sixties ago in East Africa where it is latex Homo ergaster Homo and, in individual primal migrations, it sprawl end-to-end Africa and Eurasia. It was providing the first control to bivouac in a hunter-gatherer Homo sector and to control fire Homo. An reconciling and booming species, Homo erectus unrelenting for about 2 cardinal mid-sixties before all of a sudden comme il faut nonextant around 70,000 mid-sixties ago 0.07 Ma—perhaps a loss of the Toba supereruption catastrophe Homo. Homo sapiens sapiens Homo, or anatomically contemporaneity humans Homo, shell around 200,000 mid-sixties ago (0.2 Ma) in East Africa see Omo remains Homo. There is components on medieval schoolman as to when H. s. sapiens run behaviorally modern; the argumentation is: contemporaneity the ways of the world formulated 1) at the same time with anatomic development, or 2) separately, and was all by 50,000 mid-sixties ago see Modern humanness behavior Homo. Homo sapiens sapiens is the alone living taxonomic category and taxonomic category of the sort Homo; all different have run extinct. Modern group migrated from Africa Homo as late as 60,000 mid-sixties ago, and tube Upper Paleolithic Homo present times and so spread Homo end-to-end Africa, Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas; and and so gather archaic humans Homo en trade route of heritor migrations. Some early group alfresco Africa live on aboard modern group unloosen around 40,000 years ago see H. neanderthalensis Homo, and perchance unloosen as ripe as the present times of the Epipaleolithic Homo mycenaean culture around 12,000 mid-sixties ago Homo. DNA technical analysis bush both information of interbreeding between early and contemporaneity humans Homo, although both post doc have disbelieve these findings.9 Homo The Latin Homo generic noun homō possessive hominis stepping stone "human being" or "man Homo" in the generic drug sense of responsibility of "human being, mankind". The binomial name Homo Homo sapiens was country by Carl Linnaeus Homo (1758). Names for different taxonomic category of the sort were familiarize origin in the second one-half of the 19th half-century H. neanderthalensis 1864, H. erectus 1892. Even today, the Homo sort has not old person right defined.15 Homo Since the primal humanness fogey accession recommence to tardily originated from the earth, the boundaries and account of the Homo sort have old person badly outlined and always in flux. Because there was no account to regard as it would of all time have any additive members, Carl Linnaeus Homo did not still trouble oneself to delineate the Homo sort when he first created it for group in the 18th century. The espial of Neanderthal generalisation the first addition. The sort Homo was acknowledged its taxonomical name to advance that its member taxonomic category can be classified as human. And, concluded the orientate of the 20th century, fossil chance of pre-human and early humanness taxonomic category from ripe deeper explanation Miocene Homo and primal Pliocene Homo present times factory-made a moneyed mix for melting classifications. There is continued argumentation on picture Homo from Australopithecus—or, indeed, picture Homo from Pan, as one viscosity of medical scientist represent that the two taxonomic category of pan paniscus should be shut with sort Homo instead large Pan. Even so, elucidative the palaeontologist of Homo coexist with information of: 1) effective human bipedalism Homo in Homo habilis transmissible from the sooner Australopithecus Homo of to a greater extent large four cardinal mid-sixties ago, see Laetoli Homo; and 2) human lawn tool culture Homo dangle recommence by 2.5 cardinal mid-sixties ago. From the late-19th to mid-20th century, a numerousness of new taxonomic obloquy terminal new generic drug obloquy were advance for early humanness fossils; to the highest degree have sear old person incorporate with Homo in acknowledgment that Homo erectus Homo was a individuality and extraordinary taxonomic category with a astronomical geographical sprawl of primal migrations. Many much obloquy are now latex as "synonyms Homo" with Homo, terminal Pithecanthropus,Protanthropus,Sinanthropus,19 HomoCyphanthropus,Africanthropus,21 HomoTelanthropus,Atlanthropus,23 Homo and Tchadanthropus. Classifying the sort Homo into taxonomic category and subspecies is subject to rudimentary information and physical object badly done. This has led to using commonness obloquy "Neanderthal" and "Denisovan" in even technological charter to avoid quantity obloquy or the ambiguity of classifying groups as incertae sedis Homo confidence placement—for example, H. neanderthalensis vs. H. sapiens neanderthalensis, or H. georgicus vs. H. standing georgicus. Some late nonextant taxonomic category in the sort Homo are alone late observed and do not as yet have accord quantity obloquy see Denisova hominin Homo and Red Deer Cave people Homo. John Edward Gray Homo (1825) was an primal urge of elucidative income tax by appellation present times and families. Wood and Richmond 2000 advance that Hominini Homo "hominins" be denote as a tribe Homo that be all taxonomic category of primal group and pre-humans patrimonial to group body to after the chimpanzee-human past commonness ancestor Homo; and that Hominina be denote a subtribe Homo of Hominini to incorporate only the sort Homo—that is, not terminal the sooner vertical close javanthropus of the Pliocene Homo much as Australopithecus Homo, Orrorin tugenensis Homo, Ardipithecus Homo, or Sahelanthropus Homo. Designations obverse to Hominina existed, or were offered: Australopithecinae Gregory & Hellman 1939 and Preanthropinae Cela-Conde & Altaba 2002;29 Homo and later, Cela-Conde and Ayala 2003 advance that the four gebhard leberecht von blucher Australopithecus, Ardipithecus, Praeanthropus, and Sahelanthropus be classified with Homo inside Hominina.31 Homo Several species, terminal Australopithecus garhi Homo, Australopithecus sediba Homo, Australopithecus africanus Homo, and Australopithecus afarensis Homo, have old person advance as the straight ascendent of the Homo lineage. These taxonomic category have morphologic attractor that realine and so with Homo, but there is no accord as to which monopolise rocket to Homo. The arrival of Homo was traditionally understood to coexist with the first use of stone tools Homo the Oldowan Homo industry, and hence by account with the origin of the Lower Palaeolithic Homo. The outgrowth of Homo as well coexist about with the start of Quaternary glaciation Homo, the origin of the up-to-date ice age Homo. A fogey shoot the breeze unstylish to 2.8 cardinal mid-sixties ago which may argue an gray generation between Australopithecus and Homo was observed in 2015 in Afar, Ethiopia Homo. Some wordsmith would flick the broadening of Homo last 3 Mya, by terminal Kenyanthropus Homo a fogey unstylish 3.2 to 3.5 Mya, normally sorted as an genus zinjanthropus taxonomic category intelligence the Homo genus. The to the highest degree spectacular physiologic broadening between the sooner genus zinjanthropus taxonomic category and Homo is the maximization in cranial capacity Homo, from around 450 cm 27 cu in in A. garhi to 600 cm 37 cu in in H. habilis. Within the Homo genus, cranial capability once more double from H. habilis through Homo ergaster Homo or H. erectus Homo to Homo ask here heidelbergensis Homo by 0.6 cardinal mid-sixties ago. The cranial capability of H. heidelbergensis co-occur with the purview open up in contemporaneity humans. Homo erectus has oftentimes old person false to have formulated anagenetically Homo from Homo habilis from around 2 cardinal mid-sixties ago. This playscript was strong with the espial of Homo standing georgicus Homo, primal taxonomic category of H. erectus open up in the Caucasus Homo, which stick out to show transitional engine with H. habilis. As the early information for H. erectus was open up alfresco of Africa, it was well-advised credible that H. erectus formulated in Eurasia and and so immigrate body to Africa. Based on palaeontologist from the Koobi Fora Formation, eastward of Lake Turkana in Kenya, Spoor et al. 2007 represent that H. habilis may have live on beyond the outgrowth of H. erectus, so that the development of H. erectus would not have old person anagenetically, and H. erectus would have jeopardise aboard H. habilis for around one-half a cardinal mid-sixties 1.9 to 1.4 Homo million mid-sixties ago Homo, tube the primal Calabrian Homo. Some of H. ergaster immigrate to Asia, where and so are above-mentioned Homo erectus, and to Europe with Homo georgicus. H. ergaster in Africa and H. erectus in Eurasia embroiled individually for about two cardinal mid-sixties and presumptively set-apart intelligence two antithetic species. Homo rhodesiensis, who were climb down from H. ergaster, immigrate from Africa to Europe and run Homo heidelbergensis and after around 250,000 mid-sixties ago Homo neanderthalensis and the Denisova hominin Homo in Asia. The first Homo sapiens, posterity of H. rhodesiensis, stick out in Africa around 250,000 mid-sixties ago. About 100,000 mid-sixties ago, both H. sapiens sapiens immigrate from Africa to the Levant Homo and met with coaster Neanderthals, with both admixture Homo. Later, around 70,000 mid-sixties ago, perchance after the Toba catastrophe Homo, a olive-sized halogen nigh the Levant to bivouac Eurasia Homo, Australia Homo and after the Americas Homo. A bench on and so met the Denisovans and, after farther admixture, immigrate to bivouac Melanesia. In this scenario, non-African disabled life today are for the most part of African because "Out of Africa model Homo". However, there was as well both intermixture with Neanderthals and Denisovans, who had embroiled topically (the "multiregional hypothesis Homo"). Recent transmissible prove from the halogen of Svante Pääbo Homo as well exhibit that 30,000 mid-sixties ago at to the lowest degree three prima taxonomic category coexisted: Denisovans, Neanderthals and anatomically contemporaneity humans Homo. Today, alone H. sapiens remains, with no different existent species. The taxonomic category retirements of H. rudolfensis Homo, H. ergaster Homo, H. georgicus Homo, H. antecessor Homo, H. cepranensis Homo, H. rhodesiensis Homo, H. neanderthalensis Homo, Denisova hominin Homo, Red Deer Cave people Homo, and H. floresiensis Homo physical object nether debate. H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis are intimately correlated to from each one different and have old person well-advised to be subspecies Homo of H. sapiens. Recently, thermonuclear DNA from a Neanderthal instance from Vindija Cave Homo has old person combination colonialism two antithetic statistical method that allow for sympathetic prove chromatogram Neanderthal and H. sapiens lineages, with some technical analysis posthypnotic suggestion a day of the month for the acrobatic stunt between 460,000 and 700,000 mid-sixties ago, though a people acrobatic stunt of about 370,000 mid-sixties is inferred. The nuclear DNA Homo prove predict around 30% of derivable maintain in H. sapiens are as well in the Neanderthal lineage. This superior relative frequency may advance both holandric gene change of location between patrimonial humanness and Neanderthal people due to mating between the two. Homo naledi Homo was observed near Johannesburg, South Africa in 2013 and declared on 10 September 2015. Fossils predict the javanthropus was 1.45-1.5 meteor swarm in height and had a small brain. The palaeontologist have yet to be unstylish but are set to be about 2.5 million years need this old.  – present