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COMICS

Comics is a medium used to express ideas via images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.
Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and within academia. The English term comics derives from the humorous work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made defining the medium difficult.
Contents 1 Origins and traditions 1.1 English-language comics 1.2 Franco-Belgian and European comics 1.3 Japanese comics 2 Forms and formats 3 Comics studies 4 Vocabulary and idioms 4.1 Etymology 5 See also 5.1 See also lists 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Works cited 7.1.1 Books 7.1.2 Academic journals 7.1.3 Web 8 Further reading 9 External links Origins and traditions Main articles: History of comics and List of comics by country Early examples of comics
Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame Rodolphe Töpffer, 1830

The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898
Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France , Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.
Theorists debate whether the Bayeux Tapestry is a precursor to comics. English-language comics Main articles: History of American comics and American comic book
American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons. Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.
Superheroes have been a staple of American comic books " title="Flame ">The Flame by Will Eisner).
Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between "high" and "low" culture began to blur. Comics, however, continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.
The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.
In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art" was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.
From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.
Japanese comics Main article: History of manga Rakuten Kitazawa's created the first modern Japanese comic strip. 1902)
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.
Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.
Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.
Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.
"Comics ... are sometimes four-legged and sometimes two-legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don't ... to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself, defining comics entails cutting a Gordian-knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery ..."
R. C. Harvey, 2001
European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" . French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.
Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics . Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.
Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and placement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.
A caption gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue appears in speech balloons. The tail of the balloon indicates the speaker.
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.
The English term comics derives from the humorous work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.
Academic journals
The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies Image Narrative International Journal of Comic Art Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics
 
Comedy is a sort of film Comedy film in which the of import stress is on humour Comedy film. These flick are intentional to make the gathering express joy through delight and most oftentimes duty by exaggerating characteristics for tragicomical effect. Films in this life-style traditionally have a happy ending black comedy Comedy film being an exception. One of the oldest syntactic category in film, both of the very first silent flick were comedies, as slapstick seriocomedy oftentimes chain on ocular depictions, without requiring sound. When sound films run more prevalent tube the 1920s, serioComedy films took another swing, as giggle could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue. Comedy, analogize to different film genres Comedy film, perch more than to a greater extent absorb on several stars, with numerousness past stand-up comics Comedy film transitioning to the flick industry due to heritor popularity. While numerousness comic films are lighthearted shop with no enwrapped other large to amuse, different incorporate political or societal commentary (such as Wag the Dog Comedy film and Man of the Year Comedy film). A comedy of manners Comedy film laugh at the demeanour and affectations of a social class, oftentimes represented by capital stock characters. Also, the counterplot is oftentimes concerned with an illicit love affair or some other scandal. However, the counterplot is by and large to a lesser extent important for its comedic effect than its witty dialogue. This plural form of seriocomedy has a long ancestry, dating back at least as far as Much Ado around Nothing Comedy film created by William Shakespeare Comedy film. Slapstick films Comedy film involve exaggerated, boisterous benignity to create impossible and humorous situations. Because it relies preponderantly on ocular depictions of events, it does not call for sound. Accordingly, the taxonomic category was ideal for quiet movies and was dominant tube that era. Popular quiet look of the slapstick sort include Buster Keaton Comedy film, Charlie Chaplin Comedy film, Roscoe Arbuckle Comedy film, and Harold Lloyd Comedy film. Some of these stars, as good as acts of the apostles much as Laurel and Hardy Comedy film and The Three Stooges Comedy film, as well open up godspeed consolidation seriocomedy comedy intelligence racketiness films. In a fish out of water ice comedy, the of import fictional fictional character or fictional fictional character chance content in an out-of-the-way environment, which rapid to the highest degree of the humour. Situations can be marketing syntactic category roles, as in Tootsie Comedy film 1982; an age dynamic role, as in Big Comedy film 1988; a freedom-loving several proper intelligence a organized environment, as in Police Academy Comedy film 1984; a folksy pioneer in the big city, as in "Crocodile" Dundee Comedy film, and so forth. The Coen Brothers are well-known for colonialism this benday process in all of heritor films, though not ever to comic effect. Some flick terminal disabled fitting the "fish-out-of-water" instrument include The Big Lebowski Comedy film 1998 and A Serious Man Comedy film 2009. A parody or burlesque film Comedy film is a seriocomedy that laugh at different flick genres or classic films. Such flick employ sarcasm, stereotyping, mockery of covert from different films, and the noticeable of connotation in a character's actions. Examples of this plural form incorporate Mud and Sand Comedy film 1922, Blazing Saddles Comedy film 1974, Airplane! Comedy film 1980, Young Frankenstein Comedy film 1974 and Scary Movie the best for this Comedy film 2000. The anarchic serioComedy film, as its last name suggests, is a random or stream-of-consciousness sort of contexts which oftentimes laugh at a plural form of authority. The sort day of the month from the silent era, and the most renowned examples of this sort of film would be those factory-made by Monty Python Comedy film. Others incorporate Duck Soup Comedy film 1933 and National Lampoon's Animal House Comedy film 1978. The black comedy Comedy film flick plow with usually taboo Comedy film subjects, including, death, murder, sexed relations, felo-de-se and war, in a sarcastic manner. Examples incorporate Arsenic and Old Lace Comedy film 1944, Monsieur Verdoux Comedy film 1947, Kind Hearts and Coronets Comedy film 1949, The Ladykillers Comedy film 1955, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Comedy film 1964, The Loved One Comedy film 1965, MASH Comedy film 1970, Monty Python's The Meaning of Life Comedy film 1983, Brazil Comedy film 1985, The War of the Roses Comedy film 1989, Heathers Comedy film 1989, Your Friends & Neighbors Comedy film 1998, Keeping Mum Comedy film 2005, and Burn After Reading Comedy film 2008. Gross out Comedy film films are a comparatively new development, and count to a great extent on vulgar, sexed or "toilet" humour. Examples incorporate Porky's Comedy film 1982, Dumb and Dumber Comedy film 1994, There's Something About Mary Comedy film 1998, and American Pie Comedy film 1999. It was not rare for the primal romantic serioComedy film Comedy film to as well be a screwball serioComedy film Comedy film. This form of comedy flick was peculiarly touristed tube the 1930s and 1940s. There is no accord account of this flick style, and it is often loosely practical to slapstick or romanticistic Comedy films. Typically it can incorporate a romanticistic element, an interplay between people of different economic strata, quick and humorous repartee Comedy film, both plural form of function reversal, and a content ending. Some case in point of the fruitcakes seriocomedy are: It Happened One Night Comedy film 1934, Bringing Up Baby Comedy film 1938, Philadelphia Story Comedy film 1940, His Girl Friday Comedy film 1940, and to a greater extent late What's Up, Doc? Comedy film 1972. Films in this taxonomic category immingle funny pro and benignity where the film stars combine wit and one-liners with a thrilling plot and adventuresome stunts. The genre run a specific draw in North America in the geezerhood when goof much as Eddie Murphy Comedy film respond fetching to a greater extent benignity directed function much as in 48 Hrs. Comedy film and Beverly Hills Cop Comedy film. These sort of flick are oftentimes buddy films Comedy film, with uneven relative much as in Midnight Run Comedy film, Rush Hour Comedy film, 21 Jump Street Comedy film, Bad Boys Comedy film, Starsky and Hutch Comedy film and Hot Fuzz Comedy film. Slapstick Comedy film martial performing arts films Comedy film run a forestay of Hong Kong benignity cinema Comedy film through the duty of Jackie Chan Comedy film on others. It may as well absorb on superheroes Comedy film much as The Incredibles Comedy film, Hancock Comedy film, Kick-Ass Comedy film and Mystery Men Comedy film. Comedy fear is a sort of film in which the customary sulky themes and "scare tactics" personate to fear flick are proofed with a humorous approach. These flick according to either use goofy fear clichés much as in Scream Comedy film, Young Frankenstein Comedy film, Little Shop of Horrors Comedy film, Haunted Mansion Comedy film and Scary Movie Comedy film where camp life-style are favoured. Some are to a greater extent than to a greater extent elusive and don't impersonation horror, to a greater extent than as An American Werewolf In London Comedy film. Another life-style of seriocomedy fear can as well count on concluded the top force and thrust much as in Dead Alive Comedy film 1992, Evil Dead Comedy film 1981, The Toxic Avenger Comedy film 1984, and Club Dread Comedy film - much flick are sometimes well-known as splatstick, a neologism of the oral communication splatter and slapstick. It would be levelheaded to put Ghostbusters Comedy film in this category. A sort that totalize weather of seriocomedy and thrillers, a amalgam of playfulness and doubt or action. Films much as Silver Streak Comedy film, Charade Comedy film, Kiss Kiss Bang Bang Comedy film, In Bruges Comedy film, Mr. and Mrs. Smith Comedy film, Grosse Point Blank Comedy film, The Thin Man Comedy film, The Big Fix Comedy film, and The Lady Vanishes Comedy film. Fantasy seriocomedy flick are sort of flick that enjoy magic Comedy film, supernatural Comedy film and or mythical figures for funny purposes. Most fantasy seriocomedy incorporate an division of parody, or satire, turning many of the fantasy normal on their formation much as the leader comme il faut a cowardly fool, the princess being a klutz. Examples of these films include Being John Malkovich Comedy film, Ernest Saves Christmas Comedy film, Ernest Scared Stupid Comedy film, Night at the Museum Comedy film, Groundhog Day Comedy film, Click Comedy film and Shrek Comedy film. Sci-fi serioComedy films, enjoy to the highest degree composites sort of seriocomedy use the weather of science story films Comedy film to concluded the top uttermost and overstated thanatology story stereotypic characters. Examples of these sort of flick incorporate Back to the Future Comedy film, Spaceballs Comedy film, Ghostbusters Comedy film, Evolution Comedy film, Innerspace Comedy film, Galaxy Quest Comedy film, Mars Attacks! Comedy film, Men in Black Comedy film and The World's End Comedy film. Military seriocomedy flick implicate funny status quo in a militaristic setting Comedy film. When a film is principally around the familiarisation of civilians called intelligence militaristic facility and still feeling out of place, it may be critique to as a "service comedy". Because war is much a grim subject, many militaristic comedies are set in peacetime or during period of time but away from battle zones. Military and facility comedies include: The romantic serioComedy film taxonomic category typically involves the development of a relationship between a man and a woman. The stereotyped plot rivet line follows the "boy-gets-girl", "boy-loses-girl", "boy run girl body again" sequence. Naturally there are innumerable valorous to this plot, and much of the generally light-hearted seriocomedy velvet flower in the societal interactions and sexual tensions between the pair. Examples of this style of film incorporate It Comedy film 1927, City Lights Comedy film 1931, It's a Wonderful World Comedy film 1939, The Shop Around the Corner Comedy film 1940, Sabrina Comedy film 1954, Annie Hall Comedy film 1977, When Harry Met Sally... Comedy film 1989, Pretty Woman Comedy film 1990, Four Weddings and a Funeral Comedy film 1994 and There's Something About Mary Comedy film winner blog 1998.