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COMICS

Comics is a medium used to express ideas via images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.
Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and within academia. The English term comics derives from the humorous work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made defining the medium difficult.
Contents 1 Origins and traditions 1.1 English-language comics 1.2 Franco-Belgian and European comics 1.3 Japanese comics 2 Forms and formats 3 Comics studies 4 Vocabulary and idioms 4.1 Etymology 5 See also 5.1 See also lists 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Works cited 7.1.1 Books 7.1.2 Academic journals 7.1.3 Web 8 Further reading 9 External links Origins and traditions Main articles: History of comics and List of comics by country Early examples of comics
Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame Rodolphe Töpffer, 1830

The Yellow Kid R. F. Outcault, 1898
Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France , Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.
Theorists debate whether the Bayeux Tapestry is a precursor to comics. English-language comics Main articles: History of American comics and American comic book
American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons. Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.
Superheroes have been a staple of American comic books " title="Flame ">The Flame by Will Eisner).
Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between "high" and "low" culture began to blur. Comics, however, continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.
The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.
In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art" was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.
From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.
Japanese comics Main article: History of manga Rakuten Kitazawa's created the first modern Japanese comic strip. 1902)
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.
Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.
Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.
Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.
"Comics ... are sometimes four-legged and sometimes two-legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don't ... to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself, defining comics entails cutting a Gordian-knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery ..."
R. C. Harvey, 2001
European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" . French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.
Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics . Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.
Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and placement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.
A caption gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue appears in speech balloons. The tail of the balloon indicates the speaker.
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.
The English term comics derives from the humorous work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.
Academic journals
The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies Image Narrative International Journal of Comic Art Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics
 
The Hominidae /hɒˈmɪnᵻdiː/ Hominidae, whose pledge are well-known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomical family Hominidae of tarsioidea that incorporate vii extant Hominidae taxonomic category in four genera Hominidae: Pongo Hominidae, the Bornean Hominidae and Sumatran orangutan Hominidae; Gorilla Hominidae, the eastern Hominidae and western gorilla Hominidae; Pan Hominidae, the common chimpanzee Hominidae and the bonobo Hominidae; and Homo Hominidae, the human Hominidae. Several vision in elucidative the large acme have spawn the use of the referent "hominid" to widen concluded time. Its first connotation critique alone to group Homo and heritor nearest relatives. That limiting connotation has now old person for the most part false by the referent "hominin", which be all pledge of the humanness biological group after the acrobatic stunt from the pan paniscus Pan. (See below, for a workman elaboration of correlated and real sympathetic terms, at Terminology Hominidae.) The current, 21st century, connotation of "hominid" think of to all the large apes including humans. Usage no longer varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons no longer use "hominid" in the first limiting sense; the pedantic sanskrit literature generally shows the tralatitious usage unloosen around the turn of the 21st century. Within the tribe Hominidae, a numerousness of existent and well-known extinct, that is, fossil, gebhard leberecht von blucher are classified with the humans, chimpanzees, and eastern lowland gorilla in the taxonomic category Homininae Hominidae; different with pongo in the taxonomic category Ponginae Hominidae see classification graphic Hominidae below. The most new commonness ancestor Hominidae of all Hominidae temporary about 14 cardinal mid-sixties ago, when the origin of the orangutans specific from the patrimonial rivet line of the different three genera. Those origin of the family Hominidae had already specific from the family Hylobatidae Hominidae the gibbons, perchance 15 cardinal to 20 cardinal mid-sixties ago.3 Hominidae In the primal Miocene Hominidae, around 22 cardinal mid-sixties ago, there were numerousness taxonomic category of arborical altered crude catarrhines Hominidae from East Africa; the selection clue in a long-lived renascence of anterior diversification. Fossils at 20 cardinal mid-sixties ago incorporate spawl personate to Victoriapithecus Hominidae, the early Old World Monkey. Among the gebhard leberecht von blucher generalisation to be in the ape origin major up to 13 cardinal mid-sixties ago are Proconsul Hominidae, Rangwapithecus Hominidae, Dendropithecus Hominidae, Limnopithecus Hominidae, Nacholapithecus Hominidae, Equatorius Hominidae, Nyanzapithecus Hominidae, Afropithecus Hominidae, Heliopithecus Hominidae, and Kenyapithecus Hominidae, all from East Africa. At bivouac far distance from East Africa, the being of different generalised non-cercopithecids Hominidae, that is, non-monkey primates, of heart Miocene age—Otavipithecus Hominidae from stalactite wedge in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus Hominidae and Dryopithecus Hominidae from France, Spain and Austria—is further information of a widely biodiversity of ancestral ape plural form across Africa and the Mediterranean emesis basin tube the relatively warm and tempertate climatic battalion of the early and heart Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene acme hominoids Hominidae is Oreopithecus Hominidae, from the fossil-rich brown coal twin bed in blue Italy and unstylish to 9 cardinal mid-sixties ago. Molecular information predict that the origin of gibbons Hominidae parent Hylobatidae Hominidae, the lesser apes Hominidae, different from that of the large acme both 18–12 cardinal mid-sixties ago, and that of orangutans Hominidae taxonomic category Ponginae different from the other large apes at about 12 cardinal years. There are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have emerge in a still-unknown South East Asian primate population; but fogey proto-orangutans, unstylish to about 10 cardinal years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus Hominidae from India and Griphopithecus Hominidae from Turkey. Species walking to the past commonness ascendent of gorillas, pan paniscus and group may be described by Nakalipithecus Hominidae palaeontologist open up in Kenya and Ouranopithecus Hominidae open up in Greece Hominidae. Molecular information clue in that between 8 and 4 cardinal mid-sixties ago, first the eastern lowland gorilla sort Gorilla, and and so the pan paniscus (genus Pan) acrobatic stunt off from the rivet line major to the humans. Human DNA is about 98.4% same to that of pan paniscus when comparison individuality deoxyadenosine monophosphate organic phenomenon see human evolutionary genetics Hominidae. The fogey record, however, of eastern lowland gorilla and pan paniscus is limited; some broke preservation—rain virgin forest dirtiness be to be forming and change state bone—and sampling bias Hominidae belike throw in to the highest degree to this problem. Other hominins Hominidae probably altered to the hand we love it blower arena alfresco the African tropical belt; and there and so gather antelope, hyenas, dogs, pigs, elephants, horses, and other plural form comme il faut altered to surviving in the East African savannas Hominidae, peculiarly the atmosphere of the Sahel Hominidae and the Serengeti Hominidae. The wet equatorial accouterment contractile after about 8 cardinal years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergency of the control origin from that of eastern lowland gorilla and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest palaeontologist argued by some to be to the human origin are Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7 Ma and Orrorin tugenensis 6 Ma, postdate by Ardipithecus 5.5–4.4 Ma, with taxonomic category Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus. The categorisation of the large acme has old person revised individual times Hominidae in the past few decades; these vision have led to a many-sided use of the order "hominid" concluded time. The first connotation of the referent critique to alone group and their closest relatives—what is now the contemporaneity connotation of the referent "hominin Hominidae". And the connotation of the taxon Hominidae Hominidae altered gradually, major to a antithetic contemporaneity development of "hominid" that nowadays incorporate all the large acme terminal humans. The referent hominid is easy baffled with a numerousness of real sympathetic words: See below, a graphical of the taxonomical categorisation at Evolutionary azedarach of the Hominoidea Hominidae. Many scientists, terminal paleoanthropologists Hominidae, preserve to use the referent "hominid" to symbolise group and heritor straight and near-direct two-footed ancestors Hominidae. As mentioned, Hominidae was in the beginning the last name acknowledged to the parent of group and heritor nonextant walking relatives, with the different great apes Hominidae that is, the orangutans, gorillas, and pan paniscus all presence located in a unaccompanied family, the Pongidae Hominidae. However, that account finally ready-made Pongidae paraphyletic Hominidae origin at to the lowest degree one large ape species the chimpanzees proved to be more intimately correlated to group large to other large apes. (Most splitter nowadays feed monophyletic Hominidae groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be limited to sporting one intimately correlated grouping. Thus, numerousness biologists Hominidae now dish out Pongo as the subfamily Ponginae Hominidae to the parent Hominidae. The hierarchy exhibit here lag the monophysite halogen reported to the contemporaneity knowing of humanness and great ape relationships. Humans and walking comparative terminal the present times Hominini Hominidae and Gorillini Hominidae plural form the taxonomic category Homininae Hominidae (see categorisation graphical below). A few post doc go so far as to think of the chimpanzees Hominidae and the eastern lowland gorilla to the sort Homo on with humans. But, it is those fogey comparative more intimately correlated to humans large the chimpanzees that argue the especially close members of the humanness family, and without necessarily assigning taxonomic category or tribal categories.9 Hominidae Many nonextant honor killing have old person unnatural to help lick the human relationship between modern humans and the different existent hominids. Some of the nonextant members of this family incorporate Gigantopithecus Hominidae, Orrorin Hominidae, Ardipithecus Hominidae, Kenyanthropus Hominidae, and the australopithecines Hominidae Australopithecus Hominidae and Paranthropus Hominidae. The perfect procrustean standard for body in the family Hominini nether the current knowing of humanness first are not clear, but the taxon by and large incorporate those species Hominidae that tranche to a greater extent large 97% of heritor DNA Hominidae with the contemporaneity humanness genome Hominidae, and show a capability for language Hominidae or for complexness cultures Hominidae beyond heritor 'local family' or band. The theory of mind Hominidae concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and still empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone on the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four mid-sixties of age, whereas it has not been proven nor has it been refute that gorillas or chimpanzees ever evolve a field theory of mind. This is as well the piece for both New World monkeys Hominidae alfresco the parent of large apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys Hominidae. However, still set the unable to essay atmosphere primal pledge of the Hominini much as Homo erectus Hominidae, Homo neanderthalensis Hominidae, or still the australopithecines had a field theory of mind, it is difficult to cut similarities stick out in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the broadening of mycenaean culture comparable to that of chimpanzees, we love it and some say the pongo may as well satisfy those procrustean standard for the theory of mind Hominidae concept. These technological argumentation move on governmental unimportant for urge of great ape personhood Hominidae. There are vii life taxonomic category of large ape which are sorted in four genera Hominidae. The pursuing categorisation is usually accepted: In additive to the existent taxonomic category and subspecies, archaeologists Hominidae, paleontologists Hominidae, and anthropologists Hominidae have observed and sorted legion nonextant large ape taxonomic category as below, supported on the hierarchy shown. Family Hominidae The large acme are large, anurous primates, with the small life taxonomic category presence the bonobo Hominidae at 30–40 myriagram in weight, and the for the most part presence the east gorillas, with males consideration 140–180 kilograms. In all great apes, the males are, on average, large and exotic large the females, although the immoderation of sexual dimorphism Hominidae different greatly on species. Although to the highest degree life taxonomic category are preponderantly quadrupedal Hominidae, and so are all ability to use heritor safekeeping for contingent feed or conference materials, and, in both cases, for lawn tool use. Most taxonomic category are omnivorous Hominidae, but pyxis is the desirable food on all but both human groups. Chimpanzees and orangutans principally eat fruit. When eastern lowland gorilla run short of pyxis at definite present times of the year or in definite regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, oftentimes of bamboo Hominidae, a sort of grass. Gorillas have uttermost adaptations for chewing and digesting much low-quality forage, but they no longer like pyxis when it is available, oftentimes going away miles out of their way to find specially desirable fruits. Humans, since the neolithic revolution Hominidae, feed for the most part cereals Hominidae and different starchy Hominidae foods, terminal more and more extremely processed foods Hominidae, as good as numerousness different domesticated plants Hominidae terminal pyxis and meat Hominidae. Hominid primary dentition are sympathetic to those of the Old World monkeys Hominidae and gibbons Hominidae, although and so are specially astronomical in gorillas. The dental formula Hominidae is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Human primary dentition and jaws are markedly small for heritor size large those of different apes, which may be an written material to chew steamed feed since the end of the Pleistocene Hominidae. Gestation Hominidae in large acme lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The two-year-old are hatched helpless, and and so must be cared for long-lived lunar time period of time. Compared with most other mammals, large acme have a unusually long-lived adolescence, not presence weaned Hominidae for several years, and not becoming fully mature for eight to thirteen years in to the highest degree taxonomic category someone in humans. As a result, animate being typically drive home birth alone one time all few years. There is no decided breeding season. The gorillas and the common chimpanzee live in family halogen of around five to ten individuals, although much larger halogen are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger halogen that break up into smaller halogen when fruit becomes less available. When olive-sized halogen of animate being pan paniscus go off in separate directions to forage for fruit, the dominant males can no longer control them and the females oftentimes mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, halogen of gorillas stay together irrespective of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, and so resort to eating leaves and shoots. Because gorilla halogen stay together, the male is able to monopolize the females in his group. This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual polymorphism than chimpanzees'. In some pan paniscus and gorillas, the halogen include at least one dominant male, and females leave the group at maturity. Due to the walking transmissible human relationship between group and different large apes, definite animal rights Hominidae organizations, much as the Great Ape Project Hominidae, represent that humanness great acme are persons Hominidae and should be acknowledged grassroots human rights Hominidae. Some rcmp have appoint a research ban Hominidae to shield large acme from any the likes of of technological testing. On June 25, 2008, the Spanish legislature based a new law that would do "keeping acme for circuses, sound commerce or filming" illegal. On September 8, 2010, European Union Hominidae banned the experiment of large apes Hominidae. The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living according to outside zoos.